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Report
Gender Expression, Violence, and Bullying Victimization
Findings from probability samples of high school students in four US school districts
March 2018
This study is the first to examine gender expression and bullying in racially and ethnically diverse populations of urban high school students in San Diego, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Broward County, Florida. The study was published in the Journal of School Health in March 2018.
Highlights
Gender expression was measured by asking students how they thought people at school would describe their appearance, style, or mannerisms.
The most gender-nonconforming (GNC) students reported higher levels of bullying and more school absences than their non-GNC peers.
Thirty-one states do not have laws that specifically protect students from bullying based on sexual orientation or gender identity/expression.
Data Points